A robot system comprises of:

• Actuators

• Robot

• Robot controllers

• End effectors-

• Manipulators

• Sensors

• Position-er

End effectors is an object that can be mounted directly or indirectly on the robot turning disk or fitted in a fixed position within the robot's working range. Each end effectors that can be used by the robot must be measured and stored in order to achieve accurate positioning of the tool center points

there are two types of end effectors.

• Grippers- To grasp and manipulate objects during operation, such as pick and place, assembly, and machine tending, mechanical, vacuum and adhesive type of grippers are available.

• Tools-To perform processes, such are arc and spot welding, painting, de-burring, and polishing, arc welding torch, spot welding gun, spray painting nozzles, grinding wheels are available. All tools must be defined with a TCP.

The robot's capacity to move its body, arm, and wrist is provided by the drive system or actuator which is used to power the robot. The drive system determines the robot's speed of operation, load carrying capacity, and its dynamic performance. To some extent, the drive system determines the kinds of application also.

commercially available industrial robots powered by one of three types of drive system

• Hydraulic drive

• Electric drive

• Pneumatic drive

Robot sensors measure robot configuration or condition and its environment and send such information to the robot controller as electronic signals.

There are mainly two types of sensors.

(i) Internal sensors-Internal sensors are responsible for the internal working of the robot and used for closing the loop in feedback control

(ii) External sensors- External sensors are responsible for interaction with the environment. A robot can use external sensors for interaction with the environment. If any of these sensors fail, the robot can still function but its ability to interact with the external sensors world is reduced.

Robot sensors measure robot configuration or condition and its environment and send such information to the robot controller as electronic signals.

The following are the primary functions of a robot controller:

• User interface.

• Data storage.

• Motion planning.

• Real-time control of joints motion.

• Sensor data acquisition.

• Interaction and synchronization with other machine.

• Interaction with other computational resources.

Types of robot control system

There are many types of control systems.

(i) Limited sequence control- Pick and place operations using mechanical positions.

(ii) Playback with point-to-point control- Records work cycle as a sequence of points, then plays back the sequence during program execution.

(iii) Playback with continuous path control- Greater memory capacity and Interpolation capability to execute paths in addition to points.

(iv) Intelligent control- Exhibits behavior that makes it appear intelligent.

you know Robot programming is a set of instructions or coded commands that tell a mechanical device and electronics system what task to perform and control its actions without human intervention.

Robot programming is the defining of desired motions, also includes interpreting sensors data, actuating the end effectors, sending to the equipment in the cell, receiving data from devices and making computations and decisions.

Types of robot Programming

Different types of robot programming are

(i) Online programming- Online programming uses robots to generate the program. It teaches or guides the robot through a sequences of motions that can be executed repeatedly.

(ii) Offline programming- Offline programming writes a program using a text-based robot programming language.It does not need access to the robot until its final testing and implementation.

(iii) combination programming- Combination programming is a combination of offline and online programming. It uses online programming to teach locations in space, and offline programming to define the task or sequences of the operations.

The workspace also called as work envelope of the robot manipulator is defined as the volume in space that a robot end-effectors can reach. The workspace limits are due to the total reach of the combined robot links. The workspace limits are also due to the specific joints limits of each joint.

Depending on the configuration and size of the links and wrist joints, robots can reach a collection of points called a workspace.

Alternately, workspace perhaps found, by moving each joint through its range of motions and combining all the space it can reach and subtracting what space it cannot reach.

There are three types of work envelop

• Maximum envelope

• Restricted envelope

• Operating envelope

Kinematics studies the motion of bodies without consideration of the forces or moments that produce the motion. Robot Kinematics refers to the analytical study of the motion of a robot manipulator

There are two types of robot kinematics-

• Forward Kinematics- Calculating the position and orientation of the end-effectors in terms of joint variable is called forward kinematics. You can find the position of any points(x,y and z coordinates) using forward kinematics.

• Inverse Kinematics- Calculating each joint variable, If the end effectors I needed to obtain the position and orientation is called inverse kinematics. You can find the angles of each joint needed to obtain the position using the inverse kinematics.

Q.1 What are robots made of?

Ans. Robot arms are typically made of raw materials like steel, aluminum and cast iron.

Q2. How do robots learn things?

Ans. Roughly speaking, robots can learn new things in three ways: under complete supervision, under no supervision, or somewhere between the two.

Q3. How have robots changed the way we work?

Ans. Robots can improve efficiency and quality, reduce costs, and even help create more jobs for their human counterparts.

Q4. Does the Abhyaz platform provide training for Robotics?

Ans. Yes, Abhyaz provides training as well as internships to obtain more experience.